Explore Travelling Constraints People Face Tourism Essay

Explore Travelling Constraints People Face Tourism Essay Various number of research studies explore travelling constraints people face. In contrast to motivations that push people towards travelling, the overshadowing constraints of traveling could prevent the travelers from engaging in travel although the motivation may perhaps exist (Page and Hall, 2003). Financial Considerations In 2007(DSS, 2008), it was presumed that the income of an individual has a relationship with the number of foreign trips made by him/her yearly. Key findings (DSS, 2005) discovered that the household income of an individual is a critical factor that influences the choice of travelers while deciding the amount of money he/she would spend in travelling for each trip. A study in consumer behavior revealed that people of higher income are likely to explore more for products/services information (Andereck and Caldwell, 1994; Runyon and Stewart, 1987; Robertson, Zielinski and Ward, 1984; Newman, 1977). Heung and Chu (2000) found that tourists with lower income are more concerned about the pricing in comparison to tourists with higher income. In Zhang et al. (2004)s research also stated that respondents with higher income considered travel cost less significant than the lower income groups. Travel expenditure patterns play a fundamental role for travel planners and destination marketers (Jang et al., 2004). The rise in international tourism expenditure had reached 5.6% (adjusted for exchange rate fluctuations and inflation) in 2007, (WTO, 2008). WTO stated that almost 80 countries received more than USD1 million from international tourism in 2007. Hong et al. (2005) revealed that monetary factors specify a notable positive correlation between income and travel spending. Nicolau and Mas (2006), suggest that at the time of selecting a destination for travelling, the motivations of a tourist pacify the effect of prices. A particular group of people is reluctant to pay more for costly places where family or friend dwells, however they are keen to pay to explore new places. According to Nicolau and Mas (2006), travelers who are opting for culture are commonly more willing to pay higher prices, while those looking for climate are less eager. Whilst the majority of travelers spend consciously, there appears to be a tendency of people choosing a destination which offers better exchange rate so more could be spend while paying less. Dwyer, Forsyth and Rao (2002) recommended that price competitiveness is a general concept covering price discrepancies coupled with exchange rate movements and qualitative factors that have an effect on the attractiveness of a destination. The exchange rate movements have largely been altered by the structure of price within respective countries, which has resulted in either an increase or drop in price in travelling segment. In addition, their study discovered that countries like Thailand, Indonesia and Turkey took the advantage from the devaluation of their respective currencies which were compensated by the increases in the consumer prices in these countries. Whereas, Zhang et al. (2009) concluded that other factors remained constant, the chief motivation for a traveler would be the decline i n currency of the domestic market. For example, the higher the US dollar to Thai baht, the more probability of tourists to choose Thailand as their destination as tourists expenditures could be a lot lesser than USA or Europe countries. Distance and Time According to Nicolau and Mas (2006), the significant influence of distance on travelers motivations is balanced out at the time of deciding the destination to travel. The research carried out in Spain concluded that the traveler has a preference for shorter distances and is not inclined towards extended and time-consuming journeys. Nonetheless, travelers favor longer trips if they are visiting their family or friend or exploring new places. While some of the likely causes of short distance travelling could be lack of time availability or economic constraints. Zhang et al. (1999)s study revealed that people with higher income have a tendency to opt for longer journeys, however the correlation is not linear and the higher the tourists perceive their incomes the longer will be the travelling distance. Safety, Security and Visa Issues Mansfeld and Pizam (2006) suggest that travelers may possibly have safety and security concerns because of issues such as war, civil unrest, terrorism, disease, crime (specifically theft), catastrophes caused by human or technical error, natural disasters, and dangerous wildlife. Beirman (2003) stated that the key determinant in travelers choices to go visit a destination is the perception of safety and security. Researchers say that episodes like the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, SARS in March 2003, Tsunami in December 2004 and Swine Flu influenza in April 2009 had tremendously damaged and threatened the travel and tourism industry. Regarding this, Dickman (2003) pointed out that the lack of confidence in an individual could be one of the possible reasons that they are expected to respond strongly on negative conditions like epidemics, disasters and terrorism. Pakistan faced the most prominent plummet in visa issuance for USA after the terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre. In 2002, the number of tourist and immigrant visas issued to Pakistani citizens fell approximately 70 percent and 40 percent respectively, in comparison to 2001. International tourism to America chopped down for nearly three years following 2001 incident. The total number of Americans who traveled internationally also decreased past 9/11, the Office of Travel and Tourism Industries reports (Jason and Dalia, 2011). Even though travel surveys time after time discover that safety and security are vital concerns among travelers (Poon and Adams, 2000), the latest research conducted by Valencia and Crouch (2008) testing travelers response to risk uncovered that 33% of the surveyed respondents would go ahead as planned regardless; 21% would decide to relocate to another safer destination and 19% would delay their trip. On the contrary with a natural disaster, 36% preferred to reschedule their trip and 19% chose to go to a safer destination and 15% would go ahead with their trips as planned. Likewise, the results in Rittichainuwat and Chakraborty (2009) carried out in Thailand, also discovered that a mean of 2.89 respondents were not put off entirely (by travel risks or epidemics but would decide to visit another safer destination (mean=3.56). Moreover, PATA and Visa (2008) study proved that out of 52% of travelers whose travel plan has been affected by the economic crisis, 75% would switch to less co stly destinations and 31% would delay their trips. In the survey by Zhang et al.(2004), Hong Kong natives identified epidemics as a main aspect while travelling, followed by safety, disaster, good value for money, political and social environments. Pakistanis face the visa restrictions when travel to USA. There is also a lot of abhorrence for USA in Pakistani society because of the losses of their lives during war on terror (Shahnaz, 2012) Edgell (1994) specifies that outbound tourists are commonly affected by different governmental policies and restrictions of various countries. Particularly rules regarding the imposition of restrictions such as limited visa grants, exit visa requirements, limited access to foreign currency and restricted allowances for foreign travel services are widespread. Socio-demographic constraints Researchers suggest that socio cultural, demographic and economic features like nature of society i.e. patriarchal or matriarchal, age, family life cycle stage, influence of family, education, profession, economic position and self-concept also influence decision making in travelling. Constraints in travelling choices are principally linked to gender, life cycle and cultural factors (Jackson, 1991; Shaw, 1994). Factors like family, work, domestic responsibilities, determine the quantity and quality of time accessible for traveling and act as constrictions for some individuals. Although constraining features affect both genders, the extent to which either gender is affected is poles apart. The limitations operate on females more than on males (Sonia, 2011). Apostolopoulos and Sonmez (2001) propose that despite the fact that womens travel patterns and trends reflect their individual societal customs and principles, cultural or religious limitations in regards to their societal positions and socio economic restrictions are expected to decide their travel capabilities and methods (Bartos, 1982; Myers and Moncreif, 1978; Schul and Crompton, 1983; Van Raaij Francken, 1984). In accordance with tourism decision making research DeCrop (2005) has explained the family as a Decision Making Unit (DMU) in which fundamental decisions of life are discussed. When it comes to travelling decisions, in addition to family, close social circles e.g. friends etc. possibly signify significant DMUs as well. The value of family and the influence of each family member are crucial in deciding the liberty that one associate exercises in making independent decisions. The findings, however, point out that females are by and large more controlled by family responsibilities and approvals than males. It is evident that lesser the limitations operating on an individual the more will be the participation in traveling (Sonia, 2011).

Living to Eat or Eating to Live

Shawn McKee: I’m Shawn McKee staff writer ediets. com. I’m here with Pamela Ofstein- director of Nutrition Services. And today, we are talking about beauty foods. Now, Pam, you know the foods are good to have a†¦.. weight, keep you healthy but can it make beautiful as well?!?! Pamela: Absolutely, a lot of food canreally help you from inside out, so whichyou. †¦. n your body, u can†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦nice-close skin, u can have less wrinkles, u can haveright oilin your skin =>food does a lot: helping you look younger andliving in my 20 (ch? naynenthay =â€Å"fighting aging†(V)chono hay). Iwannacontinue to do that. Shawn:Right. Now I understand that. What foods can we eat? I mean, u brought somethinghere,you’lltalk about somefoods? Pam: No! Absolutely, I just go over what they specifically do, but a lot of these foods can help u with your hair and also for your skin. 1)Vitamin C helps damage skin cancer and protect you from free radicals. (2) Foods like whole wheat, eggs and garlic – they are rich in selenium in can protect skin from sun – also is a good choicebecause it provides for u protein and grainas well. (3) Don’t forget your seafood with omega 3s – they contain essential fatty acids that are important to the skin’s oil barrier,help you have right oilthat can protect you from the sun.Oyster, meat†¦have some zinc and they helpcontrol acne and help your hair more shining. Spinach isanother one. And redpepper is also an essential food. Shawn: Ok. And u saidoilfoods(t konh? nrala food hay fruit @@) are good. Pam: Yes. Oil foods, generally, u know very a lot of in vegetables and fruits- foods have a lot of colors, so u know †¦and orange have a lot of vitamin C => we can’t†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. to diet. (do? nnayba? ynoinhud? hoi i ? ). But carrot,cantaloupe and sweet

MCI case study

June 1972, MIMIC began construction of Its telecommunications network. Funding: MN shares (common stock) @SO, In total after commission $27. 1 MN; Summon of credit from banks; $6. Man from private investors; MIMIC still rely on AT&T facilities to carry calls from its subscribers to MIMIC transmission centers in each metropolitan area. PAYOFF, MIMIC revenue $6. MN, losses of $38. 7 MN. MIMIC has exhausted its credit from its banks. MIMIC sold shares for $8. MN. 1976, ‘exeunt' service. And revenue started roaring. 1976 revenue, 28. N, first profit $100,000; 1977, 62. MN; Between 1976-1978, lease financing of new fixed Investment was the only substantial source of funds available. 1978, withdrawal of the court's ‘exeunt' DCE. 1978, public market to issue convertible preferred stocks. Preferred offerings allowed MIMIC to retire its short to intermediate term bank debt and to issue further debt of a longer term kind. 1980, MIMIC provided ‘executions residential customers . Strong growth but constrained only by a lack of investment capital. July, 1980. Leasing actuality decreased.FYI 981 , demand for investment fund Intensified. Offer convertible bonds. Jan. 1982: Antitrust settlement between AT&T and LIST. Department of Justice. AT&T will need to break up before 1984. Economics of scale and scope are important; basic call service and value added services. Increase In access charge after the AT&T antitrust settlement 1 . What are the business problems facing MIMIC? After the settlement of antitrust case of AT&T, the differential In access charges will be phased out through charging MIMIC 80% more and this In turn Increased Mi's operation expense.MIMIC could lose its cost advantage to the competitors and lead to decreasing sales and profits. AT might also reduce its price to prevent its erosion in market share. AT communications was the main competitor. MIMIC need dial 20 digits ATT dial 11 digits. 2. How do these business problems translate Into fina ncing problems? More we can see the graph, we saw a sharp rise in both external financing and internal financing, with external financing even a bit higher than internal financing. 3. To what extent can traditional financing strategies work for MIMIC?It is getting more expensive for MIMIC to acquire further funding through issuing debts and MIMIC will become more risky if take on further debts; If MIMIC simply issue equity, public might read this move as the stock has been overpriced and now the firm is trying to push down the price. Thus, the share price of the firm might go down. 4. Based on projected financial statements in the case – income statements, balance sheets, and projected capital expenditures calculate Mi's projected needs for external financing during the years 1984 through 1988 inclusive, for each year.Analyses the consequences of alternative financing policies of MIMIC during these years – as sequences, such as first debt, then equity, then debt again as needed –on the projected financial condition of MIMIC in the (fiscal) year 1990, in terms of measures such as debt to equity ratios and interest coverage ratios. 5. Suppose that for its initial financing â€Å"trance† of $1 Billion by the end of 1984, MIMIC decides to choose NOW between a Straight Debt issue of 20 year maturity with an interest rate of 12. 5%, with no sinking funds (early repayments), versus a ConvertibleDebt issue of the same size, of notional maturity 20 years with an interest/Coupon rate of 7. 75%, and a conversion price of $ 55 per share. Assume further that IF the conversion option is not exercised within the following 5 years then it would expire (unlike in the case), and this would continue as (cheap) debt. Which of these two debt issues should MIMIC choose in March 1983, to maximize shareholder value? Assume that annual standard deviation of returns on Mi's equity value are either 20% or 30% and that the interest rate on (safe) MIMIC debt eq uals 12. 5%.

Don’t Excessively Drink Energy Drinks, An Outline - 635 Words

Topic: Don’t excessively drink energy drinks Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience energy drinks drunken excessively are bad for your health Thesis Statement: Energy drinks contain multiple ingredients that are bad for your health. I. INTRODUCTION A. Attention material/Credibility Material: Many people drink energy drinks in order to get them through the day, thinking that by getting a boost of energy it will help then, but it hurts you more than you think. How: This year research documented a jump in energy drink related emergency room visits and politicians and consumers called upon the FDA to look into deaths associated with energy drinks. The amount of caffeine added to energy drinks is not regulated by the FDA (http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/06/health/time-energy-drink/) B. Tie to the audience: Why: one study of college student of consumption found 50% of students drank at least 1-4 a month, threw my personal experience I drank 1-4 a day. C. Thesis and Preview: Today I’d like to talk to you about first, how energy drinks are bad for you, second, why it affects you, and finally, what makes them bad for you. [Transition into body of speech]: I’ll begin by telling you about how energy drinks are bad for you. II. BODY A. People around the world drink energy drinks on a daily basis not knowing of the ingredients and how they affect your body. more than 200 milligrams of caffeine can be dangerous, and energy drinks can include up to 500mg 1. The problem isShow MoreRelatedThe Psychological Costs of Societal Ideals in The Glass Menagerie1758 Words   |  8 PagesAmandas only connection with the present is portrayed through her longing for a stable family structure, that is, a stable means of support, for her daughter, one in which her daughter, Laura, will find a suitable husband, one who will not drink excessively, who will find excitement enough in a conventional career and family (Domina). 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