Supported Education For Physical Disability Children Education Essay Free Essays

string(93) " supports for peculiar disablements \( The National Council for Special Education, 2006 \) \." Introduction This essay will look at what supports are available for the parents of a five twelvemonth old male child with a physical disablement to enable him to go to mainstream school. The essay will look briefly at the historical position sing instruction and people with disablements, how constructs such as standardization and inclusion impacted on the integrating of people with disablements in mainstream school, therefore the term mainstreaming and the policies and supports that run alongside these constructs and if these policies are brooding of a rights based attack. Commissariats are in topographic point for kids below school age ( up to age 6 ) with physical disablements to go to particular pre-schools that have installations that support their demands ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Supported Education For Physical Disability Children Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now But commissariats are non in topographic point for pre-school services within mainstream schools hence in relation to this subject the term school will associate to primary mainstream schools. Main Body In the Census 2002 it was estimated that about 324,000 people in the population were populating with a disablement ( National Disability Authority, on the Web, neodymium ) . Disability in relation to people is considered to be a â€Å" limitation in their capacity to take part in economic, societal or cultural life on history of a physical, centripetal, acquisition, mental wellness or emotional damage † ( Commission on the Status of People with Disabilities ( 1996 ) cited in Finnerty and Collins, 2005:277 ) . McDonnell ( 2003:28 ) suggests that disablement is non the existent â€Å" damage † but really the barriers within society that dis-enable the individual to take part within mainstream society. Harmonizing to Barnes and Mercer ( 2003 ) the political and societal perceptual experiences of people with disablements was challenged from the 1960 ‘s onwards in that the general position at the clip was to see the individual based on their sensed restrictions. These perceptual experiences were challenged by disablement groups on achieving rights that were attributed to other citizens to besides be attributed for people with disablements. One of the challenges to the traditionally held positions of disablement is the construct of standardization which Walmsley ( 1997 ) provinces was developed by Nirje ( 1969 ) to foreground that people with disablements should hold chances to bask the mundane happenings of life. In that what is the norm for the bulk should be available to people with disablements ( Mitchell 2004 ) . A cardinal component within standardization is inclusion ( Walmsley, 1997 ) . Inclusion became a cardinal component in the development of an integrated educational system ( Finnerty and Collins, 2005 ) . A cardinal factor in inclusion is to take the invisibleness that surrounded people with disablements in the yesteryear and that programmes such as incorporate instruction are a manner of leting kids with disablements to hold a more seeable and positive profile ( Dare and O’Donovan, 2002 ) . The Warnock Report ( 1978 ) cited in Dare and O’Donovan ( 2002 ) reviewed the educational demands of kids with disablements and found that kids with disablements should go to a mainstream school unless it could non supply satisfactorily for their peculiar demands. Education in the early 1900 ‘s was within a unintegrated format of particular schools for people with disablements that reinforced their exclusion from mainstream society. The construct of mainstreaming in which kids with particular demands were catered for within mainstream schools was introduced in Ireland in the 1970 ‘s and was regarded as a more appropriate manner of supplying incorporate instruction ( McDonnell, 2003 ) . But this proviso for particular educational demands within mainstream school still created exclusion in that the format was through particular demands categories and still created distinction ( McDonnell, 2003 ) . Although harmonizing to the Salamanca Statement ( 1994 ) on instruction for people with disablements, inclusion was regarded as proviso within mainstream schools ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . Rights Based Approach The European Social Charter ( 1996 ) states that people with disablements have â€Å" a right to independence, societal integrating and engagement in the life of the community † ( Lawson on the Web, nd:8 ) : and that it places an burden on its member provinces to set in topographic point supports that overcomes barriers to inclusion and engagement. Unfortunately this Charter has merely been signed off by a few member provinces and that the rights included within it have no legal demand. Harmonizing to Lawson ( on the Web, neodymium ) the rights based attack with respect to disablement provinces that people with disablements should hold the same rights as the bulk and that in order to accomplish this that three factors are cardinal. Engagement in their community should non be limited by social barriers such as attitudes towards disablement, or limited by handiness of supports. Engagement is affected by handiness. In that public services should be inclusive with respect to supplying entree for all, for illustration that public conveyance make proper adjustments for the demands of people with disablements. Underscoring the constructs of engagement and handiness are that authorities societal policies allow proviso for disablement issues within mainstream policy formation instead than specific disablement policies which in their nature create greater segregation of people with disablements. ( Lawson, on the Web, neodymium ) . Harmonizing to De Wispelaere and Walsh ( 2007:521 ) when services for people with disablements are still determined within a â€Å" societal public assistance theoretical account † in that the handiness of services are still decided by public organic structures that a rights based attack is non in topographic point. The rights based attack theoretical account would propose that the rights of a individual with disablements are specified in jurisprudence and that a deficiency of this proviso of those rights should let for resort through the general legal system. In Ireland there are presently three models for proviso of instruction for people with disablements, foremost the pupil can go to mainstream school with support from a resource instructor or particular demands helper. The 2nd option is the pupil can go to a particular category within the mainstream school or thirdly the pupil may go to a school designated as a particular school with supports for peculiar disablements ( The National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . You read "Supported Education For Physical Disability Children Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Assorted statute laws have impacted on the proviso of instruction. The Constitution of Ireland ( 1937 ) states that every kid should hold entree to instruction ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . Education Act ( 1998 ) The Education Act ( 1998 ) stated that instruction was to be provided for all kids and specifically references that kids with particular educational demands be provided for and â€Å" have the same right to avail of and benefit from appropriate instruction as do their equals † ( National Council for Special Education, 2006:79 ) . The Education Act ( 1998 ) allowed that support would be available for extra educational resources such as appraisals of pupils, proficient AIDSs but these excessively were assessed as to what was appropriate and were non an automatic entitlement ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007 ) . The Act besides provided for the puting up of the National Council for Special Education that would move as an independent administration that would within its maps co-ordinate the allotment of educational supports ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . The Act ( 1998 ) stated that kids with disablements had a right to education but the term â€Å" appropriate † allowed for measuring based on what resources were available ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007:532 ) . Therefore this would propose that the Act was non rights based in that the proviso of supports were decided non by factors of engagement or inclusion but by resources. Education Welfare Act ( 2000 ) The Education Welfare Act ( 2000 ) although its chief purpose was to advance attending at schools, is of effect to kids with disablements in that many kids with disablements are non go toing schools because no appropriate school is available. The enrollment procedure within the Act allows that such kids that are being schooled at place are to be assessed by the Health Service Executive to guarantee that the kid is having a criterion of instruction expected, although there is no index of the expected minimal criterion for kids with disablements ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . Equal Status Act ( 2000 ) and ( 2004 ) The Equal Status Act ( 2000 ) amended in ( 2004 ) promoted equality and prohibited favoritism in relation to entree and proviso of services with respect to nine factors of which favoritism because of disablement is one ( Government of Ireland, 2000 ) . In relation to education this considers admittance policies, entree for the pupil to school, edifice or supports ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . But the Act besides states that favoritism can non be considered if it is judged that â€Å" sensible adjustment † was made to let for entree or a â€Å" disproportional load † would be placed on the service supplier to do adjustments, ( National Council for Special Education, 2006:81 ) . For illustration in relation to the scenario, the kid that has the physical disablement might non be able to go to his local primary school because although adjustments such as a incline were installed, that in order to supply other adjustments that it would put a disproportio nal load on the school. Bruce ( 1991 ) cited in Quinn and Redmond ( 2005:145 ) suggests that the entree right besides relates to back up that provide for â€Å" engagement in the societal and cultural life of the community † . Therefore certainly the attending at a local school could be seen as a agency of inclusion for the male child and that exclusion by the school because of no duty to supply services beyond their resources could be considered a misdemeanor of rights with respect to entree as per Bruce ( 1991 ) cited in Quin and Redmond ( 2005 ) . But the fact that the proviso of services is non rights based eliminates the duty of the school to supply services beyond their resources ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007 ) . Education for Persons with Particular Educational Needs Act ( EPSEN ) ( 2004 ) Harmonizing to the National Disability Authority ( 2005 ) the Education for Persons with Particular Educational Needs Act ( EPSEN ) ( 2004 ) set out through its purposes of appropriate instruction, appraisal of identifying of demand, single instruction programs, general allotment system and entreaties to present inclusive instruction for kids with particular educational demands. The Act set out that schools have a responsibility to include kids with particular educational demands and that adjustments are to be made to let inclusion, that the school principal in peculiar had a function to place kids with particular educational demands and arrange appraisal. The appraisal would let the school to use for extra support ( National Disability Authority, 2005 ) . A â€Å" General allotment system † was established that would apportion lasting instructor stations based on the degree of high incidence disablements within the school and the allotment of hours for resource instructors or particular demands helpers for low incidence disablements ( National Council for Special Education, 2006:41 ) . Harmonizing to the National Disability Authority ( 2005 ) the Act stated that the school in partnership with the parents and other professionals would pull up an single educational program to let for the instruction of the kid. The school could be designated by the National Council for Special Education to supply a topographic point in their school for a kid. The Act besides introduced that parents could inform the instructors if they were unhappy with the instruction provided for their kid and that the school was required to turn to this issue. The procedure of entreaties and an Appeals Board was set up to let for referral of differences and possible declaration of differences ( National Disability Authority, 2005 ) . A study by the National Disability Authority ( 2006 ) to reexamine the EPSEN Act ( 2004 ) highlighted assorted facets that were positive and negative. That the General Allocation System was positive in general in that it recognised that supports were needed. But that establishing allotment on degree of high incidence disablements in attending could ensue that pupils that are non within the high-incidence bracket will lose supports that otherwise let them to go to mainstream schools. For illustration described within the low incidence disablements are physical disablement, hearing damage, moderate general acquisition disablement and autism. Concern was raised by parents that kids that were described within high incidence disablements would be more likely to be go toing particular schools that would be more able to supply for their demands. Therefore the degree of high incidence attending would be by and large low in mainstream schools which would impact on allotment of resources as pe r the General Allocation system ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . The study stated that the disablements listed within low incidences does non reflect the diverseness of demand sing supports for integrative instruction and that the General Allocation System by its nature excludes instead than includes ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . Many parents report that entree to mainstream schools for their kids with particular educational demands is hard in that the appraisal of demand for kids is the necessity of the Health Service Executive. Parents are holding jobs deriving appraisal and secondly that the waiting clip for such appraisals is long ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . The appraisal of demand will non needfully measure up that the kid can so travel to a local school in that the school may non be able to supply the adjustments required. With respect to kids with physical disablements the perceptual experience seems to be that if the school provides a incline that it has provided sufficient supports. That the burden is non on schools due to allotment of resources to supply services that have been assessed as needed by the kid and can ensue in the kid being marginalised and excluded if the kid were to stay in mainstream school. Besides that the general physical environment within mainstream schools was non needfully suited to the demands of a kid with disablements and that the inclusion within the school would non be in the kid ‘s best involvements. The assessment procedure is harder to entree for Particular Schools unless they are portion of a clinic that has a resident psychologist. The assessment procedure is in itself labelling in that the p erceptual experience of appraisal of demand automatically deduce an educational restriction within the kid which may non be the instance ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . The inclusive construct of the EPSEN ( 2004 ) was positive in that it gave kids with disablements an chance to socialize with their equals but that the deficiency of supports consequence in exclusion as the kid can non to the full incorporate without these supports ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . An inclusive educational system provides for the diverse demands of all the kids in attending and by offering different supports for the kids needs it celebrates diverseness and encourages engagement harmonizing to Florian and Rouse ( 2009 ) . But allotments based on available resources could propose that the Act has failed in its purposes of inclusion ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . The troubles in deriving entree and supports has resulted that the duty frequently falls to the parents of kids with disablements to supply the educational support ( Power, 2008 ) . Besides the Act states that the particular needs helpers will hold no function in proviso of instruction but th e proviso of attention for the kid ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . But the functions of the particular demand helpers have become education proviso in that resources have impacted on educational supports and that the particular needs helpers are non trained for this function ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . It had been forecasted that the Act would be implemented by 2010 budgetary restraints have delayed the execution of many elements of the Act ( National Council for Special Education, 2008 ) . The system of specifying low-incidence and high-incidence is non rights based in that it does non turn to the single demands of the kid regardless of what incidence they are within and that the allotment of extra resources such as instructors, particular needs helpers and resource support instructors based on the incidences of grades of disablement is non declarative of an participatory programme. The General Allocation System is non rights based in that the system of allotment of resources based on figure of kids with high incidence disablements is prejudiced towards the kids with disablements within the low incidence bracket ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . Disability Act ( 2005 ) The Disability Act ( 2005 ) although non straight linked to instruction does hold mention in that it provided for the right to supply for an appraisal of demands sing wellness and instruction, roll uping a service statement, but it does non automatically imply proviso of services to fit demands. Besides the right to appeal determinations sing appraisal and service statement but that there was no resort through the legal system ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . The Disability Act ( 2005 ) although supplying for appraisal of demands sing wellness and instruction have non allocated a minimal degree of service bringing as per the Irish Human Rights Commission ( 2004 ) cited in De Wispelaere and Walsh, ( 2007 ) . That although the appraisal of demand is a definite right that it is undermined by the clause that the Service Statement after the Assessment Report allows that services may non be provided if it is â€Å" non possible or practical to supply † ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007:532 ) and would therefore suggest that the Act is non rights based statute law. Harmonizing to De Wispelaere and Walsh ( 2007 ) with respect to the Disabiltiy Act ( 2005 ) that although a right to appeal is mentioned that the entreaty procedure is drawn-out, in that an entreaty will hold to be addressed by a liaison officer, ailments officer, and entreaties officer whereby the determination made is concluding and that so the lone resort is an entreaty through the High Court. That a individual with a disablement is prevented from availing of an independent justice such as an Ombudsman until the internal entreaty procedure is completed suggests that the entreaties procedure is â€Å" dis-abling † ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007:534 ) . Harmonizing to De Wispelaere and Walsh ( 2007 ) the rights based attack that proviso of services should be a legal right based on demand appraisal has two defects. First that the outlook of bringing of services could ensue in a continual demand on public resources. Second that the warrant of bringing of service could be considered to â€Å" undemocratic † if the proviso of â€Å" disablement rights † were to dispute the rights of a authorities to make up one’s mind â€Å" economic and societal policies † ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007:523 ) . They proposed that a rights based attack should instead than guarantee that all demands are met, that people with disablements should wish the bulk of people have the right to dispute when services are non in topographic point through the general legal system. With respect to the scenario at the start of the essay for the parents of a male child aged five to go to his local primary school and what supports would be available to him. The Disability Act ( 2005 ) allows that the male child ‘s demands are to be assessed but that the bringing of services will be dependent on the equal resources available ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007 ) . Therefore the kid might be assessed to hold a peculiar demand but it would non be the duty of the local primary school to supply the services required for his demand if it was beyond their abilities and resources. The fact that there is no legal demand on a service supplier to guarantee service bringing that would let this male child to go to the school would propose that there is no rights-based attack with respect to disablement statute law and policies in Ireland ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007 ) . Decision Legislation has been put in topographic point within the Irish system that aims to supply instruction for people with disablements. In order to to the full take part entree to instruction and acquisition is overriding but it would look that the rights of the individual with a disablement to hold an equal opportunity of full instruction is determined by standards that measures degrees of disablement instead than diverseness of demand and that adjustment of supports is determined non as a right but as to what resources will be deemed appropriate by Government Departments. Besides that the purposes of the statute law to turn to peculiar issues sing instruction of people with disablements are weakened by the inclusion of clauses such as â€Å" sensible adjustment † and â€Å" disproportional load † ( National Council for Special Education, 2006:81 ) and would propose that the right to instruction is non as clear cut for kids with disablements. Besides disablement rights in Ireland have non received a unequivocal standard sing which rights must be protected and to what grade and that in order to be genuinely rights based this must be the instance ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007 ) . How to cite Supported Education For Physical Disability Children Education Essay, Essay examples

The Harnswell Sewing Machine Company free essay sample

This paper aims to support Natalie York, the operations manager at Harnswell Sewing Machine Company (HSMC), in her intent to improve product quality in the company. In addition to analyzing production process data of half-inch cam rollers and explaining the results, this paper also gives advice on which actions Natalie should take and how she should approach the CEO and founder of her company. Phase 1 Based on the given description of the HSMC, points 1, 2 and 7 of Deming’s 14 points for management seem to be most lacking in the company. . Create constancy of purpose for improvement of product and service. 2. Adopt new philosophy. 7. Adopt and institute leadership. There is a huge need of organizational transformation in the HSMC and its CEO and founder, Mr. Harmswell, is currently not aware of this need. According to his own words (â€Å"if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it†), he is not striving for constant improvement and does not act proactively. We will write a custom essay sample on The Harnswell Sewing Machine Company or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rather than supporting his employees in thinking about how to improve their working environments, Mr. Harmswell relies on his past experiences. He even actively discourages his employees from â€Å"making waves† and uses fear as an instrument to paralyze the people in his organization (â€Å"What am I going to do with you if you keep coming up with these ridiculous ideas†). This indicates that he is rather supervising than leading his employees. Natalie York should think very carefully about her next steps and focus on the specific problem she discovered and not the whole production process when she approaches Mr. Harmswell next time. Natalie will only be able to implement changes when she comes to her boss backed with profound data analysis. Besides the data-based evidence of problems in certain parts of the production process, Natalie should show Mr. Harmswell the positive impact changes will have on the profit of HSMC. Keeping her language simple and her explanations easily understandable is another key for the success of her next steps. After Natalie successfully implemented a couple of smaller changes in parts of the production, Mr. Harmswell might rethink his attitude towards constant improvement and give her more freedom to have a positive impact on the organization. Phase 2: Using the given data about the diameter of cam rollers, we use Minitab to create a â€Å"Xbar-R Chartâ€Å", as shown in Chart 1 of the appendix. From this chart, we can draw the conclusion that Day 17 is below the LCL, out of control limit. Therefore one can say the whole process is out of control. Natalie notices that the average diameter of batch 17 is extremely low compared to the average diameters of the other batches. Our recommendation to Natalie is that she should check what happened on Day 17 to find the reasons for these out-of-control-results. As the next step, Natalie should take the required actions for solving the discovered problem. Phase 3: After Natalie’s further investigation, it turns out that the reason for the particularly bad results of work on Day 17 is the low temperature in the morning on which the batch was produced. By installing a thermostat in the manufacturing hall they solve this problem. Now, what Natalie should do next is to take this special batch out of the data and draw another Xbar-R chart. After excluding this special case from the data, Natalie can evaluate the rest of the data independently from this â€Å"special event†. The new Xbar-R chart shows this one special batch is not the reason why cam rollers always fall short. From the new chart, Natalie might identify what might be the other causes that result in the shortage. For further information, please refer to Chart 2 in the appendix. Natalie and Jim install the thermostat and set the heating control so that heats turns on half an hour before the machine starts to work in the morning. These actions have a positive impact on improving the product quality as the scrap defects were caused by cold temperatures, affecting the normal running of the equipment. After setting the heating control, the machine will warm up to acceptable temperatures in the cold weather. By doing this, any scraps caused by the abnormal status of the equipment in cold weather will be avoided. Phase 4: Chart 3, the histogram of diameters, and Chart 4, the stem-and-leaf display, show that the range is from 0. 5072 to 0. 5077, which means all cam rollers meet the lower specification of 0. 5072 but some exceed the upper specification 0. 5075. The mean of the 150 sample diameters’ is 0. 5075. The mean diameter equals the upper limit of the diameter. There are 71 cam rollers having a diameter of 0. 075, accounting for 47. 3% of all samples; 49 cam rollers have diameter of 0. 5076, accounting for 32. 7% of all samples; 7 cam rollers have diameter of 0. 5077, accounting for 4. 7% of all samples. Chart 5, the pie chart of distribution of diameters, shows that there are 56 cam rollers which have a larger diameter than 0. 5075, while there are only 23 cam rollers wi th diameters below 0. 0575. 56 of the 150 rollers, comprising 37. 3%, are above the specification value. Therefore 37. 3% of them will be reclassified into a different and less costly category, which decreases total revenues and profits of HSMC. If this percentage is applied for the total years’ production, out of 7000 cam rollers 2614 will not be available for sale at normal price. Phase 5: Dave Martin, the machinist at HSMC, is already aware of the reasons why he has been producing many oversized cam rollers. With operating room of 0. 0003 inch, he has been aiming for the upper level of diameter because he did not want to produce undersized cam rollers which have to be scrapped. Dave Martin simply did not want to have trouble with Mr. Hanswell and other senior managers of the company. Natalie first needs to persuade Dave to adjust his aim to the exact center value and try to manufacture accordingly. Of course, Natalie needs to give Dave an assurance that he would not be held liable for the results. Because Natalie already has all the data she needs to conform to her forecast, we think it is time to go to Mr. Harmswell. She should show him that there exist some real problems and tell him the importance and positive benefits of adopting changes at HSMC. But she should be very careful not to overload her boss with too many graphs and numbers. The Harnswell Sewing Machine Company free essay sample This paper aims to support Natalie York, the operations manager at Harnswell Sewing Machine Company (HSMC), in her intent to improve product quality in the company. In addition to analyzing production process data of half-inch cam rollers and explaining the results, this paper also gives advice on which actions Natalie should take and how she should approach the CEO and founder of her company. Phase 1 Based on the given description of the HSMC, points 1, 2 and 7 of Deming’s 14 points for management seem to be most lacking in the company. . Create constancy of purpose for improvement of product and service. 2. Adopt new philosophy. 7. Adopt and institute leadership. There is a huge need of organizational transformation in the HSMC and its CEO and founder, Mr. Harmswell, is currently not aware of this need. According to his own words (â€Å"if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it†), he is not striving for constant improvement and does not act proactively. We will write a custom essay sample on The Harnswell Sewing Machine Company or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rather than supporting his employees in thinking about how to improve their working environments, Mr. Harmswell relies on his past experiences. He even actively discourages his employees from â€Å"making waves† and uses fear as an instrument to paralyze the people in his organization (â€Å"What am I going to do with you if you keep coming up with these ridiculous ideas†). This indicates that he is rather supervising than leading his employees. Natalie York should think very carefully about her next steps and focus on the specific problem she discovered and not the whole production process when she approaches Mr. Harmswell next time. Natalie will only be able to implement changes when she comes to her boss backed with profound data analysis. Besides the data-based evidence of problems in certain parts of the production process, Natalie should show Mr. Harmswell the positive impact changes will have on the profit of HSMC. Keeping her language simple and her explanations easily understandable is another key for the success of her next steps. After Natalie successfully implemented a couple of smaller changes in parts of the production, Mr. Harmswell might rethink his attitude towards constant improvement and give her more freedom to have a positive impact on the organization. Phase 2: Using the given data about the diameter of cam rollers, we use Minitab to create a â€Å"Xbar-R Chartâ€Å", as shown in Chart 1 of the appendix. From this chart, we can draw the conclusion that Day 17 is below the LCL, out of control limit. Therefore one can say the whole process is out of control. Natalie notices that the average diameter of batch 17 is extremely low compared to the average diameters of the other batches. Our recommendation to Natalie is that she should check what happened on Day 17 to find the reasons for these out-of-control-results. As the next step, Natalie should take the required actions for solving the discovered problem. Phase 3: After Natalie’s further investigation, it turns out that the reason for the particularly bad results of work on Day 17 is the low temperature in the morning on which the batch was produced. By installing a thermostat in the manufacturing hall they solve this problem. Now, what Natalie should do next is to take this special batch out of the data and draw another Xbar-R chart. After excluding this special case from the data, Natalie can evaluate the rest of the data independently from this â€Å"special event†. The new Xbar-R chart shows this one special batch is not the reason why cam rollers always fall short. From the new chart, Natalie might identify what might be the other causes that result in the shortage. For further information, please refer to Chart 2 in the appendix. Natalie and Jim install the thermostat and set the heating control so that heats turns on half an hour before the machine starts to work in the morning. These actions have a positive impact on improving the product quality as the scrap defects were caused by cold temperatures, affecting the normal running of the equipment. After setting the heating control, the machine will warm up to acceptable temperatures in the cold weather. By doing this, any scraps caused by the abnormal status of the equipment in cold weather will be avoided. Phase 4: Chart 3, the histogram of diameters, and Chart 4, the stem-and-leaf display, show that the range is from 0. 5072 to 0. 5077, which means all cam rollers meet the lower specification of 0. 5072 but some exceed the upper specification 0. 5075. The mean of the 150 sample diameters’ is 0. 5075. The mean diameter equals the upper limit of the diameter. There are 71 cam rollers having a diameter of 0. 075, accounting for 47. 3% of all samples; 49 cam rollers have diameter of 0. 5076, accounting for 32. 7% of all samples; 7 cam rollers have diameter of 0. 5077, accounting for 4. 7% of all samples. Chart 5, the pie chart of distribution of diameters, shows that there are 56 cam rollers which have a larger diameter than 0. 5075, while there are only 23 cam rollers wi th diameters below 0. 0575. 56 of the 150 rollers, comprising 37. 3%, are above the specification value. Therefore 37. 3% of them will be reclassified into a different and less costly category, which decreases total revenues and profits of HSMC. If this percentage is applied for the total years’ production, out of 7000 cam rollers 2614 will not be available for sale at normal price. Phase 5: Dave Martin, the machinist at HSMC, is already aware of the reasons why he has been producing many oversized cam rollers. With operating room of 0. 0003 inch, he has been aiming for the upper level of diameter because he did not want to produce undersized cam rollers which have to be scrapped. Dave Martin simply did not want to have trouble with Mr. Hanswell and other senior managers of the company. Natalie first needs to persuade Dave to adjust his aim to the exact center value and try to manufacture accordingly. Of course, Natalie needs to give Dave an assurance that he would not be held liable for the results. Because Natalie already has all the data she needs to conform to her forecast, we think it is time to go to Mr. Harmswell. She should show him that there exist some real problems and tell him the importance and positive benefits of adopting changes at HSMC. But she should be very careful not to overload her boss with too many graphs and numbers.

Marketing Concept for Manager

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Concept for Manager. Answer: Role of Leaders in Change Management Involving Marketing Practices The leaders are the one who have the power and authority to control the individuals and pose any kind of change in the organization. For any effective organizational change there is a need that there should be a charismatic leader as well as there should be present a sense of trust and reliability for the organization (Ajmal, et al., n.d.). Effective change is interrelated with the qualities of a leader and with the marketing practices. For every business to grow and achieve success change management is necessary, with the change in marketing concepts, policies, taste of consumers, environmental aspect etc. There is a requirement that the organization should also incorporate respective change in its policies and operations so that it can achieve higher sustainability from future perspectives. There are several changes in the marketing practices in present scenario such as the major segment of the commerce industry is now involved in the e-commerce and e-marketing activities rather th an focusing on investing much in the physical trade and marketing practices. The involvement of marketing practices which emphasize on developing the e-commerce relatively give rise to e-marketing and e-purchasing and thus with this change there is a need to change the overall methods, processes and approaches of an organization and this results into an overall organizational change (Benn, Dunphy and Griffiths, 2014). The leaders have a significant role in the organizational change and in change management. Change management is regarded as the core proficiency and competency of the 21st Century business leaders. The major responsibility of the leader in any change management is to help the workforce in developing their skills and abilities so that they can cope up and adjust with these organizational changes. The leaders who are responsible for the successful change are required to pay watchful attention over the efforts of sustainability towards any change, the implementation of change in the organization and over the initiation or launch of change (Herold and Fedop, n.d). There are various abilities and skills of the leaders which are associated with the change management such as leadership development which signifies that there the top management must possess the skill and ability to catch the trust and faith of the internal customers in the organization and in the leaders. Secondly competence is related to sales and marketing which depicts that there the leaders must aware the workforces regarding the positive as well as negative consequences of the organizational change and another skill is the related to the communication of a leader which emphasize that fir any kind of change the leaders must influence the employees to support that change and must strive hard to gather the maximum support possible so that there can be increased chances of the success of the change management (Singh, 2011). (Source: Abbas and Asghar, 2010) There is a strong co-relation between the innovative and visionary approach of a leader with the successful change management. The change and innovation in an organization is required for attaining sustainability with change in technology, time and consumer market. Thus to bring innovativeness in the organization it is essential that the leaders possess innovativeness in their skills and attributes (Vaccaro, et al., 2012). The visionary approach of the leaders will help the organization in achieving its aims and objectives of organizational change effectively. Hence the analysts and scholars believe that there is a direct link and relation between the visionary approach and pioneering competencies of the leaders with the effective change management and application of innovative marketing practices (SEO, et al., 2012). Assessing Readiness Towards Change For any organizational change to implement effectively there is the primary need that the organization, the workers, the leaders and other things which are associated with that chare are ready for that change to get incorporated in the organization. The readiness for change means that all the individuals, organizational elements, environment, the society are ready for that change to accept it thoroughly and does not get negatively impacted with those changes. For this it is required to assess the readiness of the individuals and the organizations (Carter, et al., 2013). There are various techniques and strategies to assess the readiness such as a survey can be used for evaluating and identifying that whether the employees are both mentally and as per their job role are comfortable to accept and work in the new change management. Other techniques for evaluating the organizational readiness is the one-to-one approach with the employees, through this there can be a direct approach towar ds understanding the barriers in the organizational readiness for any kind of change in the organization or the business operations. Thus it is essential that overall readiness must be analyzed before implementing any sort of change in the organization so that the company can be saved from negative impacts of the change management (Vakola, 2013). Impact of Readiness over the Job role as a Leader The organizational readiness highly impacts the leader as the controller and person liable for the organizational change. The involvement of the digital media has highly emphasized the business organizations to implement change in the business operations, selection of workforce and the organization. The digital and social media has impacted in number of ways such as in present scenario and also from last few years the e-commerce and e-marketing industry had attained high focus and customer response. The involvement of digital media has changed the entire picture of marketing and commerce industry. Now the people use various online marketing strategies advertise their products and services, the entire organizational system has also got influenced with high-tech know-how and the need for the expertise have been increased and the people who are deprived of such updated and technical competence are getting fired or does not get the similar kind of benefits compared to the one who are dig itally involved and possess technical competence (Santhidran, Chandran and Borromeo, 2013). The leaders are also get very much impacted as its their major responsibility to make people understand and adjust for their respective work role after the implementation of the change in the organization. If any leader is unsuccessful or incompetent enough to manage the individuals affectively and in its leadership there are negative outcomes of the change management then it directly poses a very drowning impact over the status of the leader and his capabilities. The leader has several responsibilities such as to implement the change plan effectively, make the employees understand for accepting change in the organization, formation of marketing strategies and practices to get sustained and positive impact of the change as well to retain the employees and the customers from future perspectives. And if the results of the change program are unsatisfactory and opposite to the planned outcomes th an the major impact which takes place is on the leader and its competence (Rafferty, Jimmieson and Armenakis, 2013). Evaluation Through Professional and Personal Experiences There are various examples in the history of organizations and marketing where any changes management has taken place and the major role which has been highlighted is of the leader or the higher authority responsible for that change. The one of the much known example is of Yahoo where the new CEO Marissa Mayer was recognized for improving each and every angle of the company. The employees who left the organization were coming back; the prices of the stock up surged as well as the workforces were embracing their new leader very much. All this took place because of the correct leadership style and traits if Marissa as she put her entire focus over the talent management of the organization which encouraged and influenced the employees to work with determination and full enthusiasm and this resulted in organizational development (Troyani, 2014). Another professional example for the evaluation is the change management which had taken place at Walmart, which is the leading retail corporati on but because of the very much squat prices and unethical practices drowned kits image completely but after implementing the change management which focused on the improvements in the working conditions and wages of the employees as well as adoption of various eco-friendly practices, once again the company recognized its brand name as well the attrition rate suddenly decreases from a significant percentage (Santhidran, Chandran and Borromeo, 2013). All these happen because of the effective implementation of the change management and the leadership traits of the higher authorities of the company. There are various other professional examples also where the organization implemented change management and the leaders defectively managed and executed it and provide the organization higher sustainability and growth (Hon, Bloom and Crant, 2014). References Abbas, W. and Asghar, I., 2010. The role of leadership in organizational change, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, University of Gavle, Pp.53, Accessed on: 25th September, 2016, Accessed from: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:326289/fulltext01 Ajmal, S., Farooq, M.Z., Sajid, N. and Awan, S., Role of Leadership in Change Management Process, Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences, 5(2), Pp.111-124. Accessed on: 25th September, 2016, Accessed from: https://aupc.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/V5I2-8.pdf Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014.Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Carter, M.Z., Armenakis, A.A., Feild, H.S. and Mossholder, K.W., 2013. Transformational leadership, relationship quality, and employee performance during continuous incremental organizational change.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(7), pp.942-958. Herold, ., M and Fedor, D. B. (n.d). Leading change management, leadership strategies that really work, Standford Business Books. Hon, A.H., Bloom, M. and Crant, J.M., 2014. Overcoming resistance to change and enhancing creative performance.Journal of Management,40(3), pp.919-941. Rafferty, A.E., Jimmieson, N.L. and Armenakis, A.A., 2013. Change readiness a multilevel review.Journal of Management,39(1), pp.110-135. Santhidran, S., Chandran, V.G.R. and Borromeo, J., 2013. Enabling organizational changeleadership, commitment to change and the mediating role of change readiness.Journal of business economics and management,14(2), pp.348-363. SEO, M.G., Taylor, M.S., Hill, N.S., Zhang, X., Tesluk, P.E. and Lorinkova, N.M., 2012. The role of affect and leadership during organizational change.Personnel Psychology,65(1), pp.121-165. Singh, K. S. (2011). Leadership Organizational Learning in Knowledge Management Practices in Global Organizations, The Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 47(2), Pp.353-365. Troyani, L., 2014. 3 examples of organizational change and why they got it right, Tiny Pulse, Accessed on: 25th September, 2016, Accessed from: https://www.tinypulse.com/blog/3-examples-of-organizational-change-and-why-they-got-it-right Vaccaro, I.G., Jansen, J.J., Van Den Bosch, F.A. and Volberda, H.W., 2012. Management innovation and leadership: The moderating role of organizational size.Journal of Management Studies,49(1), pp.28-51. Vakola, M., 2013. Multilevel readiness to organizational change: A conceptual approach.Journal of change management,13(1), pp.96-109.

A Sample Essay on New Year Resolution

A Sample Essay on New Year ResolutionAn essay is not the only essay that you can write, a sample essay on new year resolution is always a good idea. It provides a jumping off point for the rest of your writing. This way, you will know what to write and you will get a feel for how to present your ideas. As with any type of writing, a good writer should apply not only his or her creative abilities but also those of the reader.Sample essays on new year resolution are usually written by college students. These essays have been used as examples in a variety of courses in school, from chemistry to English. Here is a sample essay on New Year resolution from an English major:My first year in college, I set a goal of achieving three B's in four years. I knew it would be hard but I had hope in myself. The first two years, I achieved all I had set out to and I graduated in May of this year.The sample essay on New Year resolution may be more on the personal side than your average essay. You migh t want to include a personal story about yourself, or talk about a situation you are experiencing. This would also provide a great springboard for the rest of your essay. You might find the essay more interesting if you include a few paragraphs of reference in the introduction.To be successful in writing the sample essay on New Year resolution, you have to follow this rule: Start with the present, and work backwards, from the past to the present. You should describe what you are feeling and describing events that you have experienced.Reading back to the past is not going to help you, because you can only remember what has happened to you. However, if you have been observing the things you have done and the things you have failed to do, you will be better able to describe what you are feeling and what you want to happen. It can be very interesting to look back at your past successes and failures. Allowing yourself to be vulnerable and having your fears answered will give you a strong base for your thoughts.If you are going to write a sample essay on New Year resolution, make sure you take it seriously. Give yourself plenty of time to write it and don't rush through it. Give yourself plenty of time to read over it and make corrections if necessary. This is the most important step: Writing your essay and then taking it seriously.

MANET Security Solutions

Abstract The phenomenal growth in mobile computing devices use over the last decade has led to revolutionary changes in the computing world. Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) which are dynamically self-organized temporary networks have emerged as ideal networks for implementation in scenarios where adhoc wireless networks are required without the need for a central administration.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on MANET Security Solutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While highly effective, these networks are prone to numerous attacks due to the sheer number of nodes in the network and limited energy, memory and computational abilities of the individual devices. This paper identifies the security threats as: flooding attacks, wormhole attacks, unauthorized access. It goes on to propose solutions to this security issues. Protocols that can be used to prevent flood attacks such as AODV are discussed. Various implementations of Intrusion Detection Systems are also reviewed as effective means of ensuring the integrity of the network. Cryptography and signcryption are proposed as novel means of establishing trust in the network. Hybrid firewall implementations that can work in MANETs are also discussed. To ensure authentication in the network, the use of certification graphs is proposed. To assist in the discovery of wormholes which pose significant risks to the network, trust and time based mechanisms for are reviewed. Introduction Today computing is not primarily reliant on the capabilities provided by the personal computers but increasingly on mobile computing devices which include: laptops, and personal digital assistants. Prevalence in mobile computing has made it necessary to implemented wireless networks which sometime need to be set up in an arbitrary manner. The Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) has emerged as a feasible means to provide connectivity for ubiquitous computing. MANETs are considered as ideal technology in military and civilian applications where instant communication is desirable. In military applications, high security and performance must be guaranteed since these MANETs operate in hostile environments. A typical characteristic of MANETs is that they operate in unattended areas and are normally made up of a large number of sensor nodes. Meghdadi and Ozdemir (2011) state that these nodes can be in the order of thousands and they have limited resources in terms of energy, memory, and computation abilities.Advertising Looking for research paper on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While MANETs have become popular as a result of their inexpensive set up properties, these networks are open to insider and outsider attacks due to their open nature. Typical security measures such as firewalls and cryptography may be inadequate in protecting MANETs. Considering the security problem that MANETs face, this paper will set out to propose security solutions. The paper will begin by providing an introduction to MANETs and the security problems that they face. Security Solutions for MANETs including the development of IDS will then be discussed. Brief Overview to MANETs Khokhar and Mandala (2006) defines a Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) as â€Å"a system of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically self-organize in arbitrary and temporary network topologies†(p.18).1 As a result of these self-organizing abilities, people and vehicles possessing computing devices can be interlinked without the need for pre-existing network infrastructure. MANETs are therefore occasional infrastructureless networks that are implemented by a set of mobile wireless hosts in a dynamic manner and without the need for any central administration. The inherent properties of self-organization and rapid deployment capabilities make MANETs applicable in many situations where wired networks or wireless networks which require access points would be impractical.2 However, MANETs are susceptible to a number of security risks due to their distributed nature and lack of a centralized control. Figure 1. Various applications of MANETsAdvertising We will write a custom research paper sample on MANET Security Solutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Security Problems in MANETs MANETs are prone to a number of routing attacks which disrupt routing operation. One of these attacks is flooding which involves the malicious node(s) exhausting the network resources such as the network’s bandwidth and computational power. Flooding attacks may result in Denial of Service which is the situation where a computer or the entire network is incapable of providing normal services (Garg Mahapatra, 2009). Service to legitimate nodes will be denied as the nodes are busy forwarding unnecessary packets or making irrelevant requests for s ervices. The limited power supply and computational capabilities of mobile devices makes them more susceptible to DOS attacks which are designed to consume the power supply of the devices and also overwhelm them with unnecessary computations. A MANET is also vulnerable to a wormhole attack which involves a malicious node sending false information claiming that it is one hop away from the sought destination. This will cause all nodes to route their data packets to the malicious node and therefore cause all routes to a destination to pass through a compromised node (Garg Mahapatra, 2009). A wormhole attack is initiated by two or more malicious nodes which possess superior communication resources to the regular nodes in the network. The attackers create high-bandwidth tunnels between attackers in the network and then promote this low-latency links as high-quality routes in order to attract neighboring sensors to these compromised tunnels. Figure 2. A wormhole attack being carried out by two attackersAdvertising Looking for research paper on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The dynamic nature of the network topology in the MANET also exposes it to risk. Unlike wired networks which have a static network topology, MANETs make use of dynamic topologies which may change in a rapid and arbitrary manner (Zaiba, 2011). The computing devices which make up the MANET suffer from unreliable wireless links with each other due to the energy supply limitations that each device has.3 Another vulnerability comes from compromised nodes which are part of the network. As it is, a MANET is made up of autonomous nodes which join and leave the network at will. In addition to this, the physical security of nodes in a MANET cannot be guaranteed since unlike in traditional wireless networks, nodes in a MANET may exist in hostile environment where a node can be captured and then used to degrade the performance of the network or steal information from the network (Tsaur Pai, 2008). The portable devices and the security information they contain are vulnerable to compromise since some of them may have weak protection.4 An attacker may gain access to these low-end devices and then use this weak link to compromise the security of the entire network. It is therefore hard for policies for safeguarding the network to be implemented since the individual nodes can be compromised when outside the network and when they join the network, they expose the MANET to the vulnerabilities they have. Zaiba (2011) states that the threats posed by compromised nodes inside the network exceed attacks from intruders outside the network since such attacks are harder to detect. Further compounding the problem is the fact that the compromised node could be a previously trusted node in the network which behaved normally before being compromised. Security solutions are traditionally based on access control. Access control for MANETs is especially challenging due to a number of reasons. First, these ad hoc networks do not have an infrastructure which makes it impossible to deploy acces s control mechanisms at access routers or base stations as would be the case in a wired or wireless cellular network. The mobile users of the network are able to (and often do) roam freely in a large network and they require ubiquitous services at any point within the network which means that any access control mechanism should be available at each networking node’s locality so as to avoid the need for communication over the undependable multi-hop wireless link. Tsaur and Pai (2008) reveal that the difficulty in access control in a MANET comes from the access mechanism being required to â€Å"prevent unauthorized nodes from becoming a part of the group, and establish trust among members in the absence of a trusted authority† (p.417). The ADHOC routing protocols used in a MANET as each node is takes responsibility for dynamically discovering other nodes to communicate exposes the network to intruders. Malicious attackers can become a router and therefore gain access to the network communication and cause disruptions (Rai Shubha, 2010). Solutions to Security Problems Introduction Garg and Mahapatra (2009) note that two approaches can be used to protect MANETs: proactive approach which tries to prevent attackers from initiating attacks, and reactive approach which tries to identify security threats which are already present and then react accordingly. While preventive measures are preferred to reactive measures, they may not be sufficient in MANETs. A combination of these two approaches is the most prudent means of protecting the network. Flood Attacks Flooding attacks can be prevented by use of the Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocol. Khokhar and Mandala (2006) states that in this approach, each node in the network monitors and calculates the request rate of its neighbor and if this request rate exceeds a preset limit, then the network ID of this neighbor is blacklisted and future requests from that node are ignored in future. The inf ormation on blacklisted nodes is shared within the network which leads to compromised and malicious nodes being dropped before they can cause significant damage to the network. Intrusion Detection The most desirable method in dealing with intruders in any network is to prevent them from accessing the network. However, this method may not work in MANETs due to the absence of a fixed infrastructure that can be used to provide security for the network. Rai and Shubha (2010) assert that while proactive approaches that thwart security threats are desirable, an intrusion detection system is still an integral component in any security solution for MANET. An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used to protect the computer systems that have been intruded upon by a malicious party. Intrusion detection is defined by Scarfone and Mell (2007) as the process of monitoring the events occurring in the network and analyzing them for â€Å"signs of possible incidents, which are violations or imm inent threats of violation of computer security policies, acceptable use policies, or standard security practices† (p.2). Intrusion detection is of great significant in MANETs since preventive measures such as encryption and authentication may at times not be effective in protecting network operations. This is so because such intrusion preventive measures cannot defend compromised nodes which may have previously obtained a trust relationship with other nodes within the network. There are various architectures of an IDS that can be implemented in a MANET. One approach involves having every node in the network perform independent intrusion detection and then share its results with neighboring nodes. Such an approach involves nodes reporting anomalies to other nodes so as to track the possible intruder (Zaiba, 2011). Once the intrusion has been identified and confirmed, the response might involve reorganizing the network and removing compromised nodes or reinitializing the commun ication channels with new secure keys legitimate nodes. However, this cooperative intrusion detection architecture has significant setbacks due to the huge power consumption required for all the participating nodes. Rai and Shubha (2010) propose that a cluster-based intrusion detection technique would be more efficient in a MANET. In such architecture, each node is a member of at least one cluster which is made up of nodes that reside within the same radio range. Fig 3. IDS Implementation in a MANET Establishing Trust A secure MANET should achieve the goals of â€Å"availability, confidentiality, integrity, authentication, unforgeability and non-repudiation in the network† (Yavuz Fatih, 2010, p.2). Among the various security services for MANETs, authentication is the most important issue since knowing who you are communicating with is paramount in any network. Addressing authentication is also the most complex issue owing to the frequent networking reconfiguration and node mobility in MANETs. The lack of a trusted authority in the MANET makes most of the cryptographic methods which are based on public key impractical since a continuously available trusted third party is required. Yavuz and Fatih (2010) propose the use of a multi-tier adaptive security protocol that makes use of hybrid cryptography and signcryption. This multi-tire protocol achieves a secure MANET by integrating the signcryption scheme Direct Key Exchange Using Time Stamp (DKEUTS) and Elliptic Curve Pintsov-Vanstone Signature Scheme (ECPVSS).5 This security mechanism does not overload the network with unnecessary cryptographic operations and still manages to provide sufficient security for each tier. Firewalls Firewalls which are logical barriers that prevent unauthorized or unwarranted communication between various parts of a network can be implemented to protect the MANET. Firewalls for wired and wireless mobile networks rely on static topologies to construct the outer security wall and therefore control access to and from the network. Suman and Parvinder (2010) note that conventional firewalls cannot work for MANETs since these networks do not have well defined concepts of â€Å"inside† and â€Å"outside†; a hybrid firewall implementation is therefore necessary for MANETs. The hybrid firewall implementation makes use of a random selection of MANET nodes to act as firewalls. After a fixed duration of time, a new node is selected for firewall implementation based on parameters such as power available and computational resources. This approach is efficient since the responsibility for implementing the firewall is shared among the available nodes in the network. Furthermore, Suman and Parvinder (2010) reveal that an intruder will not be able to find the entry point in the MANET since the node serving as the firewall at any one time is selected at random. This firewall implementation will therefore considerably improve the security of the MANET from o utside attacks. One implementation of MANET firewalls is by having an architecture that treats port numbers as part of the IP address and therefore makes it possible to drop unwanted traffic at an early stage. Such an implementation will save battery power of the mobile devices by saving them from forwarding unnecessary traffic. Figure 4. Firewall Implementation with node A acting as a Firewall Use of Certificates Establishment of a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) can help to solve the problem of public key management that is inherent in MANETs. The PKI in MANETs can use a set of nodes as servers which provide certificates to the other members of the network and therefore make it possible to build certificate chains between communicating nodes. In this approach, the nodes which act as servers only provide partial certificates to the nodes they trust. Taking into consideration every certificate issued in the network, a certification graph can be developed. This certification graph i s used by two nodes to authenticate each other when they wish to exchange public keys and form a common secret (Kambourakis, et al. 2010). Since such an approach suffers from the cumbersome problem of finding a certification path in the graph, a virtual hierarch can be built among the nodes so as to reduce the time and resources spent in finding a certification path. Wormholes Detection As has been previously illustrated, MANETs are susceptible to wormhole attacks where malicious nodes advertize false shortest paths to a destination in order to intercept the packets that are being sent to it. Wormhole attacks are hard to identify since the attackers present their link as legitimate and replay valid data packets as the other end of the network and as such, communication is not disrupted by the presence of the wormhole (Meghdadi Ozdemir, 2011). The attackers replay data packets in their original format once they have read their contents, and therefore, the traditional cryptographic c hecks will be unable to flag the presence of the wormhole. Since it is hard to proactively defend against wormholes, detection mechanisms can be utilized to identify wormhole attacks and take necessary measures against this threat. Message Traveling Time Information Solutions can be used to prevent wormhole attacks. These solutions measure the round trip time (RTT) of a message and then use this value to determine whether a wormhole attack is in play. Meghdadi and Ozdemir (2011) reveal that wormholes are identified based on the fact that â€Å"the transmission time between two fake neighbors created by wormhole is considerably higher than that between two real neighbors, which are within radio range of each other† (p.94). An important factor in this solution is that no specialized hardware is required for the TTM mechanism which makes it practical for all networks. Trust based solutions can also be used in the detection of wormhole attacks. In such a solution, trust informati on is shared among nodes and each node can monitor the behavior of its neighbors and rate them (Meghdadi Ozdemir, 2011). Data packets in the network then make use of the most trustworthy path as computed from the trust information. Such an approach ensures that malicious nodes are circumvented since they will have the least trust level. Figure 5. Trust Based solution Discussion and Conclusion As the computing world becomes more portable and ad hoc, the relevance of MANETs is only going to increase. The paper has observed that MANETs have significant security risks since these networks lack a clear line of defense and malicious attacks can successfully be launched from both inside and outside the network. From the discussions given in the paper, it has been noted that MANETs are commonly employed in applications where security is of major concern. This paper has articulated the critical nature of MANETs and asserted that the security of network is of great importance. Specialized s ecurity services may therefore be required in order to deal with some problems which are unique to these networks. A number of preventive and detective measures that can be employed to deal with the security risks that are inherent in MANETs have been discussed. Protocols that can be used to ensure secure routing and detect wormholes have been presented and ways in which certification authority can be established in the network highlighted. By implementing the security solutions proposed in this paper, military and civilian applications will benefit from the numerous benefits offered by MANETs while avoiding losses that may result from malicious attacks on the networks. References Garg, N Mahapatra, RP (2009). MANET security issues. International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 9(8), 241-246. Kambourakis, E. et al. (2010). Efficient Certification Path Discovery for MANET. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 3(2), 1-16. Khokhar, R.H. Mandala , S. (2006). A Review of Current Routing Attacks in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. International Journal of Computer Science and Security, 2(3), 18-29. Meghdadi, M. Ozdemir, S. (2011). A Survey of Wormhole-based Attacks and their Countermeasures in Wireless Sensor Networks. IETE Technical Review, 28(2), 89-102. Rai, P. Shubha, S. (2010). A Review of ‘MANET’s Security Aspects and Challenges’, IJCA, 162-166. Scarfone, K., Mell, P. (2007). Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems. NY: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Suman, R.B. Parvinder, S. (2010). Random Time Identity Based Firewall In Mobile Ad hoc Networks. NY: American Institute of Physics. Tsaur, W. Pai, H. (2008). Dynamic Key Management Schemes for Secure Group Access Control Using Hierarchical Clustering in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. NY: American Institute of Physics. Yavuz, A.A. Fatih, A. (2010). A new multi-tier adaptive military MANET security protocol using hybrid cryptography and signcryption. Turk J Elec Eng Comp Sci, 18(1), 1-21. Zaiba, I. (2011). Security issues, challenges solution in MANET. IJCST, 2(4), 108-112. Footnotes 1 The technological implementation of MANETs is similar to that of the traditional Mobile Packet Radio Networking. 2 For example, MANETs are very relevant in military applications and emergency and disaster situations where ad hoc networks which need to be flexible without any fixed base station need to be implemented 3 Bandwidth restrictions and the variable capacity of each node make MANETs have diminished processing power and they have a less transmission rates than wired or WIFI systems. 4 Individual nodes in a MANET have power limitations and they generally try to use the minimal power possible in order to last longer. Most nodes employ the most basic security measures since security implementations consume battery and processing power 5 Key management schemes have to be implemented in order to ensure secure access control in th e MANET. This research paper on MANET Security Solutions was written and submitted by user Alia K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Job Search Tips that Work Yes, They Worked for Me!

Job Search Tips that Work Yes, They Worked for Me! Many job search experts, including me, are out there giving tips about how to find jobs. I thought Id give you all some job search tips based on my own experience one that got me several interviews and a part-time job when I moved to a new city. In my search, I was open to accepting a part-time position as something steady and stable while I started my own business. Job Search Tips that Worked 1. Created multiple versions of my resume. One emphasizes my managerial experience; one emphasizes my legal experience; another emphasizes my writing and editing experience. For each job I was interested in, I made sure the keywords from that job description were in my resume! 2. Applied to a lot of jobs. Yes, even ones I thought I didnt want. Some of them turned out to be more interesting than I had expected. I also applied to jobs there was probably no way I would ever get. And I sent cover letters and resumes to places where I would want to work but where there were no available jobs advertised (including the University of Wisconsin Law School). Because you never know. 3. Wrote engaging, punchy cover letters. Each cover letter was custom tailored to the specific job I was applying for. It made a difference. I was offered several interviews in widely divergent fields. 4. Went on an informational interview. Where there was no position currently available but there was a possibility of a future job, I scheduled time to talk to someone relevant. 5. Asked what I needed to bring to interviews. I found out what the employer wanted and brought the requested materials. 6. Showed up 15 minutes early for interviews. I also  chatted politely with the receptionists whenever possible. Believe it or not, this practice can get you far! 7. Stayed positive and friendly in the interviews. I talked about things other than the job. Plus I had researched the company, so came prepared with questions I could ask about the organization and the job. 8. Wrote thank you notes. (At least when I was interested in the job!) If 2 people interviewed me, I wrote 2 thank you notes, each with its own unique message. 9. Clarified my priorities for myself. I got clear that having a part-time job with flexibility, in an open and friendly environment, was what I wanted. These attributes were more important for me than the pay rate or even growth opportunities. The more I got clear about what I wanted, the closer I got to getting it. 10. Stayed active! I searched for or applied for jobs every day, while also taking care of my body by exercising every day. I sent out at least 2 job applications per week, whether I found the perfect opportunity or not. In my spare time, I volunteered to help a woman with disabilities to write a book. I took a transcription job that kept a little bit of money flowing in. And I started my own business, which got me out in the community and on the internet networking. I was never sitting around wondering what to do on any given day. Remember, action breeds action! Doing  something –  anything – keeps you engaged in your life and work. You never know what will come out of the relationships you form. How Effective Are These Job Search Tips? What did I get out of all of this? Several interviews, and ultimately a 25% time job at the University of Wisconsin Law School, Office of Career Services. Its was a perfect fit as I ramped up my own business. All these job search tips worked for me.  What has worked for you?

The officer in story In the Penal Colony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The officer in story In the Penal Colony - Essay Example He moves in ways that are familiar to him. What he has done in the past matters much to him. He is found to be extremely loyal to his cultural tradition. Historic practices are of great value to him. His commitment towards the machine shows his mindset. He is found to be much dedicated to the general way of punishment. He is very much loyal to the traditions and the historic way of doing things. What he is aware of is nothing but the cultural traditions of his place. His thoughts and actions are based on the â€Å"current individual† factor. This very factor drives his attitude. The officer is the product of his circumstances. The author Franz Kafka places the officer in a situation that justifies his strange attitude. In the story we find that the officer is compelled to convince the explorer about the relevance and necessity of the machine. The presence of the explorer created an atmosphere of urgency in the colony. This urgency is visible in the words and actions of the off icer. The officer feels that unless he convinces the explorer, the machine and the punishment system will be put to an end. He therefore explains the positive aspects of the machine. We find that the officer fails to convince the explorer about the importance of the machine. The officer’s mood changes because of the explorer’s attitude. Current situation again starts dominating the officer’s behavior. This gave him the motivation to free the condemned man and place himself in his place. The situation made the officer resort to such an action. The officer understands that his mission is no longer successful. The system which he believed and followed all these years is going to be abolished in the colony. He therefore decided to subject himself to the machine. His act means that he willingly became a martyr for the machine. He represented his mistake and accepted the punishment for that. This is evident in the inscription ‘Be just’. This very behavior of the officer is caused by his situation and brought up. The officer has immense enthusiasm about the machine he created. The so called ‘justice’ of the old commandant made him crazy. The officer blindly follows the old Commandant. He is overenthusiastic over the system he formed. The machine embodies the system he created. The apparatus symbolizes the notion of justice. The officer is fully devoted to the system of the old Commandant. He is crazy to be the judge of the colony. He is of the belief that by executing people using the machine he is establishing justice. ‘Guilt is never to be doubted’ is the motto of the officer. The machine puts immense torture on the body of the punished individual. The officer’s satisfaction lies on the idea that injustice is rightly punished. He feels that the punishment establishes transfiguration and enlightenment. This very notion makes him subject himself to the machine. He wants to personally experience the fe eling. We read that â€Å"But how quiet he grows at the sixth hour! Enlightenment comes to the most dull witted. It begins around the eyes. From there it radiates. A moment that might tempt one to get under the Harrow oneself! Nothing more happens than that the man begins to understand the inscription; he purses his mouth as if he were listening. You have seen how difficult it is to decipher the script with one’s eyes, but our man deciphers it with his wounds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kafka 1995). The officer further believes that the individuals who are